161. Descartes and the rise of modern philosophy -- Background to Descartes' meditations -- Descartes' innovations in how philosophy is written -- Lead-in to the first meditation -- The first meditation -- The second meditation -- The third meditation -- The fourth meditation -- The fifth meditation -- The sixth meditation -- A a summary of Cartesian commitments -- Topical highlights from Descartes' correspondence -- Questions about descartes -- Transition to the remainder of the book -- Spinoza -- Overview of Spinozas' philosophy and life -- Ethics part I : on the nature of the universe -- Ethics part II : on the nature and origin of the mind -- Ethics part III : on the nature and origin of actions and passions -- Ethics part IV : on the burdens of human existence and the ways to overcome them -- Ehics part V : on the power of reason to liberate us to live blessedly -- Questions about Spinoza -- Locke -- An overview of Lockes' outlook in the essay -- Essay book I : Lockes' anti-innatist strategy -- Essay book II : perception as the basis for all thinking -- Test case one : thinking about power -- Test case two : thinking about substance -- Test case three : thinking about identity -- Essay book III : expressing thought in language -- Essay book IV : knowledge and opinion -- Questions about Locke -- Leibniz -- Background to Leibnizs' philosophy -- Overview of Leibnizs' philosophy -- How the discourse on metaphysics and the monadology are structured -- Understanding Leibnizs' metaphysics by way of his defense of contingency -- Understanding the debate about what things for Leibniz are substances -- Understanding the debate about Leibnizs' essentialism -- Understanding what it means for the world to be the best possible -- Understanding debates about relations among key Leibnizian theses -- Space and time as relations among phenomena -- Key elements of Leibnizs' epistemology -- Questions about Leibniz -- Berkeley -- Overview of approach to the principles -- Structure of the principles -- Fuller analysis of four key arguments -- Structure of the three dialogues -- A mini-glossary to aid interpretation -- Questions about Berkeley -- Hume -- Main alternatives for interpreting Hume -- An outline of the first enquiry -- Enquiry sections I-III : basic principles and materials of the understanding -- Enquiry sections IV-VII : the basis for all factual thinking -- Enquiry section VIII : implications for freedom and morality -- Enquiry section X : implications for religion based on miracles -- Treatise : overview and key elements of book I, on the understanding -- Treatise : key elements of book II, on the passions -- Treatise : key elements of book III, on morality -- Dialogues : overview and stage-setting part I -- Dialogues parts II-VIII : design argument for natural religion -- Dialogues part IX : cosmological, a priori proof of theism -- Dialogues parts X-XI : evil as challenge to theism -- Dialogues part XII : guides to deciding Humes' overall message -- Questions about Hume -- Kant -- The central,978041

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کتابخانه: كتابخانه مجلس شورای اسلامى (تهران)

180. New York :,Communism and its demise. Real socialism. Decline and fall of socialism. The demise of communism in Central Europe. The collapse of the Soviet Union -- Shock therapy vs. gradualism. The radical reform program : a big bang. Gradual reform programs. Rent seeking : the scourge of transition. Criticism of radical reform after the Russian financial crash -- Output : slump and recovery. Sharp decline in recorded output and varied recovery. Exaggeration of the slump. Radical reform : least decline and early recovery. Late reformers : surged after 1998 -- Liberalization : the creation of a market economy. Different strategies of deregulation. Liberalization of foreign trade. Labor market policy. Combat of monopoly : gas and coal. A big bang : vital in deregulation -- From hyperinflation to financial stability. Establishing national currencies. Radical fiscal adjustment was key. Tax policy : from social democratic to liberal. Monetary policy : from loose to strict. Exchange rates : currency board or free float. Dramas of financial stabilization -- Privatization : the establishment of private property rights. Differing aims of privatization. Small-scale privatization : if started, swiftly done. Large-scale privatization : the biggest headache. Privatization of land, real estate, and housing. New enterprise development : the ultimate success. Great achievements of privatization. Vital : speed and legitimacy of property rights -- An inefficient social system. Incomes : differentiation and poverty. Life and health. Education adjusting to demand. Social transfers and pension reform. Alternative social models -- Democracy vs authoritarianism. Democratic breakthrough : critical for successful transformation. An under-reform trap. Renewed democratization : colored revolutions. Parties, electoral rules, and constitutions. How to tame the leviathan : reform of the communist state. Public opinion and ideology. Democracy and democracy aid -- From crime toward law. An explosion of crime. Attempts at building a legal system. Corruption : the bane of transition -- The role of oligarchs. Who are the oligarchs? The economics of oligarchy. The politics of oligarchy. Complaints : a matter of ideology. A question of property rights. Putin's alternative : centralized dictatorship -- The role of international assistance. The dream of Europe. Western failure to act in the East. Trade policy : a gulf between the EU and the CIS. International assistance : insufficient but crucial -- Conclusions : a world transformed. Different models. Achievements and r

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کتابخانه: كتابخانه مجلس شورای اسلامى (تهران)